Founding Fathers of Psychology - 1587 Words

Un-Official Founding Fathers of Psychology Sarah Psy/310 2/13/2012 Un-Official Founding Fathers of Psychology These four men that we are about to talk about are some of the, if not the most important people in psychology. One developed psychology as a school of thought and published the first book on the subject which opened the door for another to develop his theories. Years after the book came out another thinker was inspired to look into the human mind and this time with a more scientifically critical mind and approach, there was a common reason people had problem, he just was not positive what. This lead two of his students to move on and one focus on the individual versus what the majority has a problem with and made sure that†¦show more content†¦This helps improve the one so that eventually that one will go out into society and become responsible for themselves and each other as good members of it. Adler continued to believe that Freud had made a point by looking back at ones childhood for answers but rather than focusing on the sexu al root to the problem, he focused on the feelings that came out of a situation (Lafountain, 2009). For example, if one grew up afraid to take charge of situations because someone else always did it for them, they could have trouble later in life trying to be in charge of themselves or other people. After studying with Freud he went on to focus on how society affects an individual and how that individual functions in society. He believed there were three things a person needed to accomplish in life to be a healthy socially minded person. First is the task of finding how to survive, a job, maintaining ones house, the responsible things. Second is cooperating and being civil as well as respectful to society. Third are intimate relationships, having children, friends, a spouse. All three of these were crucial to being a normally functioning person in society (Lafountain, 2010). Basically a person is unique in nearly all aspects of their life and that needs to be taken into account in e ach and every case from psychology to teaching because not everyone is going to fit together well. Carl Jung, as with Adler was inspired and influenced by Freud in the earlyShow MoreRelatedThe Founding Father of Clinical Psychology Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesThe era of discovery in psychology was a fast-paced and debatable one as some of the unlikeliest individuals entered into the realm of the new science. Some by accident because of their close work with other fields of science and others with the direct intent to create a new school of thought. During its inception and much of its history, deliberation over how psychology should be defined and what it should encompass filled most of the scholarly printings and closed-door discussions. As a resultRead MoreAlfred Adler, The Founding Father Of Individual Psychology Essay2066 Words   |  9 Pagesindividuals that have played major parts in studying various theories of personalities. Personality theories of which, that can apply to our daily life and that can help us to better understand our personalities. Alfred Adler was the founding father of individual psychology. Adler believed in the importance of social connections and childhood development. A few examples of Alfred Adler’s theories include the following: Style of life and unity of the individual, which was based on emotions, thinking andRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Abnormal Psychology1527 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Cherry (2016), abnormal psychology is a branch within psychology that focuses on behaviour that is unusual and not deemed as normal within society. This branch of psychology is composed of a variety of disorders and their causes as well as possible management and/or treatment. 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Carmen Free Essays

Movement, space and dynamics are used in Mat Ek’s work Carmen to portray the various characters throughout the piece and to determine their relationships therefore gaining a greater understanding of the characters and the narrative. Micaela (M) is a respectable and adequate woman who is loyal to her fiance but is always leading him and influencing his behavior in life. The first movement we see from M is at a low height with collapsing, repeated contractions which give us an initial idea of her silent presence amongst her fiance Don Jose while he is conversing with the other solider portraying the idea of her intimidation of other men. We will write a custom essay sample on Carmen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her movements are curved in shape though still very forceful, sharp and have a punch like force about them which gives the idea she is conscience of Jose, giving his directions and guidelines of how the behave. She then progresses into a lot of sustaining movements, which she continuously motions upward, giving the impression and the resemblance of appreciation of life and her faithfulness toward Don Jose. Symbolism of a wish to have a child occurs at 0. 33 through the use of curved â€Å"cradle-like† motions which shows the couples desire to settle down and be a family. There is also a repetitive floor pattern as M often travels away from Don Jose but then travels directly back towards his representing her dedication and loyalty as she always returns to her fiance and also the idea of her constant presence. M’s dynamics then take a sudden change as she is not longer performing contracted, closed movements in a repetitive nature which portrayed her ideal feministic nature of being loyal and she now has a less controlled nature about her performing asymmetrical kicks and contrasting shapes as she seems to let loose the further she ventures away from Jose which symbolizes her soul connection to him as she always returns back. The duet performed by M and Don Jose see’s M return to her original circular, curved shape movements and we see Jose’s unison with her, always a step behind which gives a sense she is showing him the way. Both of their movements are free yet heavy and they have a curved shape about them implying the hidden control and tension between them but also the trance they set each other in as the appear slightly â€Å"playful† and always drawn upwards with high levels and strong gestures such as lifting M up at 1:39 and high suspension movements at 1:09 to the sky symbolizing the feeling of being content and happy. Jose’s continuous following of M and his placement in space of always being slightly behind M symbolizes his shyness and the controlling nature his fiance possesses over him. At 1:44 we see M and Jose linking arms with M pointing to the direction she wishes to head while Jose looks at her in admiration and awaiting her next gesture again portraying the idea of her leading and controlling power she has over him and his obedience to this power. As the group of female dancers come in we see a dramatic change in the dynamics and movements of the dance as in comparison to M, these dancers have a much more open body position about them with much greater use of the entire kinosphere of each individual. The use of multiple kicks and turns which take up a large amount of space around the dancer display their confidence and high self esteem. At 2:45 the girls perform a controlled turn as they have a strong posture and arm position with head titled towards the sky to convey a strong, open shape which further portrays the idea of the confidence and â€Å"teasing† nature they possess in the males presence. As the males and female perform a direct swap in sides we see the males perform loose, uncontrolled arm movements which shows the uncontrollable urge they have to go and â€Å"dance† with the girls and how crazy they females make them along with the back and forth floor pattern the girls create as they swap sides and they lead the boys in and then head back the other direction which also conveys the teasing nature of the females. At 3:12 the males perform a percussive movement as the floor pattern leads them towards the females which emphasizes their excitement, yet the fact they are giving into the females which comments on the power the women posses over the men. The floor pattern shows the males always behind and following in the females paths, almost repeating similar movements that the females do which further emphasizes the idea of the females controlling the males actions and the males chasing them. This idea is also finally show at 3:29 when the females run over the backs of the males showing their dominance and power over them. Escamillo, the confident and desired new man in town conveys the idea of his confidence and power over everyone in his dramatic entry at 3:39 as the first movement we see of him is a open, strong and angular jump travelling to stage front. This jump automatically gives us the idea of his superiority over everyone else. His movements are sharp and angular which the choreographer to convey his confident, powerful ersonality and his intriguing use of controlled and dramatic dynamics of movements. The final section performed by the girls shows a soften, less controlling side of them which is communicated by their use of curved, soft movements and powerless dynamics and motions and shows the idea of their admiration and lust toward Escamillo. In conclusion, the use of various dynamics, movement and space is used in the extract to portray the characters, thei r emotions and determine relationships and further enhance and gain a better understanding of the characters to overall convey the narrative. How to cite Carmen, Papers

Online music distribution in post-Napster World free essay sample

How do they affect traditional companies? Anapest Introduced a revolutionary change to the way music was distributed conventionally. Music companies worked with the artists to produce music. Thereafter they invested heavily into burning the music Cads, marketing and advertising of the music and managing the distribution of the music to end customers Vela retailers. Retailers Incurred staffing and real estate and costs.In contrast to this, Anapest was able to bring together over 60 Million users who would hare their collection of music to the remainder of the user base. In doing so, the reach and range of music distribution was significantly raised. Strong Community Feeling, word of mouth effect and High customer awareness led to low cost of marketing for Anapest. Technological improvements in improved broadband speed, internet penetration, and advent of newer portable devices further Incentives the users to use music sharing In comparison to buying the same music from retail stores. For the first time, music was practically available on demand to customer: as, when and where squired for free. The online channel also introduced a possibility of attracting advertisement and other complimentary business models that would earn back revenue In comparison to a CD distribution model where there was no scope to make additional revenue by any other means. Having said that, this was a model that was very easy to replicate and numerous new players emerged online providing similar services to customers.The model also infringed on the licensing agreements of music distribution as recording companies contested that music sharing accounted to music piracy. As customers came to expect music to be available for free, the online sharing portals were increasingly hard pressed to make viable revenue generating model. This had far reaching detrimental impact on the traditional companies engaged in the music production and distribution business. For a start their earning from sale of music dwindled as Increasingly people relied on sharing music rather than buying them from stores.Stores were also constrained by the available shelf space to hold and display music Cads, whereas an online catalogue was practically infinite in size and exhaustive in content. Thus, with the success of Anapest and other similar websites, It was clear that the value of music distribution has significantly moved to pay much for music and were demanding music that could be played back in different mediums as PCs, CD players, MPH players etc. The music recording OFF not be stopped as users simply move on to the other networks.Since Anapest pioneered the music sharing phenomenon, the number of major music recording companies has come down from 6 to 3. Major recording companies had to align their music distribution strategies to reflect the new values and expectations of the user base. Few of these strategies are discussed in the subsequent sections. Nat is the future of album companies? Is there a viable business model for them? There is a huge gap between the model offered by the album companies and the customer needs.Customers want access to the rare music; they want to be able to use it freely, get additional services and not be unreasonably charged for the same. Ere gap is being exploited by the new business models and peer to peer file sharing. Ere two main value propositions of the record companies were to be able to provide recording infrastructure to artists and to be able to provide access to the music racket. However, both these value propositions were not sustainable and will continue to erode over time because of increased digitization, internet bandwidth and decreasing cost of recording music.The stand is vindicated by the sales data of the record companies. As we can see the revenues of the music industry has steadily fallen during the 2001-2010 period. The US revenues declined by 50% over the last decade. For the music companies to be more relevant, they will need to address the customer needs for unrestricted access, broad choice and additional services at a competitive price. As such, the album companies will have to move into newer business models to address the prevalent gap or perish.One viable business model for the album companies could be to look at newer revenue generation models around advertising to reduce pricing pressure on selling music, provide mass customization, partner to increase music availability and incentives buying music by bundling in additional services leveraging. We would propose that the record companies continue to operate in the entire value chain from recording to digital distribution in the new model. However, new skills will be squired for the same which can be obtained through acquisitions or partnerships.For the production of music we propose a risk based crowd sourcing model in which the album companies partner with the public, to raise funding for riskier songs, thus significantly reducing the revenue risk by the record company. For songs below the risk threshold, the companies can continue to fund the artist by themse lves. In a social networked model where the marketer has a huge base of music fans, this will Incentive newer artists to come to the record companies given their huge network f music lovers. En propose an intermediary, which holds the repository of digital music pooled from such an intermediary ii they can invest in such an intermediary. This intermediary will consolidate the available base of music and sell it. This would help to create a huge repository of music which the music fans can rely on. The consumers will have an option to directly stream the music from the intermediary site or download the music. We think that with the increase in broad band speed, consumers can access streaming music without any buffering.This is applicable mainly to developed entries now but gradually the broadband speed in developing will also a reach a level at which they can also use direct streaming services. The basic service can be free to the consumers and revenue can be generated from advertising. The intermediary will also have to provide a premium monthly subscription based service in which it provides value added services like social networking platform for music fans. Fans of particular artists should be able to form groups and discuss.There would be mass customization with customers free to choose different bundles of songs based on their preferences. Additional services like meet the artist when he is on a tour, tickets to concerts, souvenirs memorabilia related to the artist etc. Would have to be bundled with the songs. Record companies will be able to use their contracts and relationship with the artist for materializing the same and this would give room to each for developing their own competitive advantage. Advertising will have to be used extensively around the digital platform as an alternative revenue model. Record companies will again be able to differentiate themselves through their abilities to build effective partnerships to get relevant advertising. Such a model would address many of the pitfalls of the current model and be more relevant by fulfilling customer needs of a getting broad choice, unrestrictive usage and value added services when they buy music. However, the record companies will have to take on the digital marketing avatar for the same. Suggest an appropriate pricing strategy for the album companies in the context of recent developments.We propose a royalty based revenue sharing model between the album companies. The record company will get a share of royalties for the amount they have invested in the production of the song. The dissemination of the royalties would be the accessibility of the distributor. The distribution prices will be decided by the album companies. The price realized per song will be distributed to the intermediary, artist, album companies and public (if crowd funded) based on the royalty share of each. The distribution companies will be able to do a differential pricing for the songs.A pay per download, pricing model may be used. The users would be free to use and distribute the music in any which way without restriction. In a digital social networking context the fans could be used to promote the songs and earn redeemable points against which they would get price discounts. The advertising acceptable levels for the consumer and put him in control of the price as well. A multi-level marketing concept may also be applied wherein the fan could use to resell the music at a price he deems fit and pay a commission to the distributor for the same.The additional artist centered services and option to resell would create an added incentive to purchase music as opposed to download it from a peer to peer file sharing network. Geographical price discrimination will be an important factor in ensuring that the price arbitrage can be neutralized thus discouraging piracy. Price n each country has to be customized and made attractive to the target customers. In summary, we can conclude the business of music distribution is constantly evolving and the ease of sharing music has made the old business models obsolete.Few of the major recording labels have gone out of business and the others had to adapt to the change that the denationalization of music has entailed. With an ever increasingly internet enabled and connected world, music is now pre-packaged and bundled along with other applications for mobile devices. Through some innovative means the recording companies have continued to stay relevant in this challenging segment, albeit with significantly less profits compared to the pre Anapest days.

Security System Essays - Perimeter Security, Parking Lot

Security System z Overview Implementation of the proposed electronic security system began on Monday, April 10, 2000.This first phase will be completed by the 31st of May 2000 at a cost of approximately 1.8 million Jamaican dollars. During this first phase, electronic barriers were installed at the main gates and the six internal parking lots. This will also include the installation of lighting fixtures located in the designated areas as described in the proposal. All the necessary hardware to complete this project were imported from our overseas suppliers. The access cards and the 26SA access control units should be cleared from the wharves in the coming week. This report seeks to identify a weekly schedule, including budgetary information, up to the completion of the project. Timeline For Completion I. Work Completed ? The two electronic barriers have been installed at the main gates. These will not be functional, as the 26SA access control units have not yet been cleared from the wharves. As a result, the original barriers have not yet been removed; this will allow monitoring of the University's traffic until the new system is put online. ? The barrier for the administrative parking lot has also been installed. ? The computer system has been set up in the guardroom at the main gates. ? The U.P.S system has been connected to this terminal to ensure constant power in the event of a power failure. II. Work In Progress ? Presently, our information technology technician is programming the computer terminal. ? The U.P.S system is going through a daily test to identify if the system is also sufficient to maintain the backup supply for the access control units. If the U.P.S is not able to do this, then monthly maintenance will have to be carried out. This, for the most part, will consist of preventative maintenance procedures. ? The electronic barriers for the other five parking areas are being installed. ? Lighting for the Faculty of Architecture parking area is being installed. However, these costs will not be detailed in this report as that aspect of the project has been issued to a private contractor as previously discussed. Timeline For Completion III. Work To Be Done ? The eight (8) 26SA access control units are to be installed. ? The access cards are also to be programmed. This will include all the necessary information for each person requiring an access card. This aspect of the project will require assistance from Utech's administrative staff. As a result, no precise deadline for completion will be stated at this time. ? A training course will have to be designed for all members of staff operating the system. This is to ensure that its users are proficient in its operation and use. ? The lighting of the Faculty of commerce, the canteen, the rear of the library and the engineering department are also to be completed. Summary To date, a total of approximately four hundred and eighty thousand Jamaican dollars have been spent, as previously tabulated. This budgetary information does not include labour costs as the original proposal stated these costs per parking area; none of which are complete. Recommendations ? Ascertain all members of staff that will be required to do the training course that is being prepared, by our I.T specialist. This will allow proper planning in the streamlining of this new system. ? To further eliminate the build up of traffic exiting the main gates, patrons will have to swipe their access cards on exiting the internal parking lots. The barrier to exit the campus will not require the card to be used, but will use a photo beam to lift it. Once it is raised, it gives the patron twelve (12) seconds to exit. English Essays

Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny Free Online Research Papers Though the actual term â€Å"Manifest Destiny† was coined in 1845 by John O’Sullivan a democrat leader and the editior of â€Å"The Morning Post†. It was a concept going back to when the pilgrim fathers landed at Plymouth Rock. From the very first settlements in America the pilgrims, the settlers at Jamestown and all along the eastern seaboard, they began expanding litttle by little into the interior. Certainly from the 18th century Americans had come to believe that is was their right, and in fact their duty to bring Christianity and republicanism into the uninhabited western areas of the United States. Of course what these expanisionists did not take into consideration, was that the regions they were expanding into were inhabited by Indians, French, and Spanish speaking peoples. The land was only ‘uninhabited† by English-speaking white people. Manifest Destiny is not a specific time, date, or event in American history. It is more an ideaology, a movement that spans many years. It really created American history, it is what drove its people from coast to coast. Expanding the continent and bringing America’s ideals, government, religion from coast to coast. Though Manifest Destiny was officially coined in 1845, it really existed throughout American history. From the French and Indian war the colonists began pushing the French off the continent. In 1754 America began the contest for control of the American continent. It took a war to remove the French from the Ohio valley. Now with the removal of the French danger, the stage was set for the colonies to expand and eventually unite against England itself. In fact one grievance against Britian was the mother country’s attempt to prevent the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachians, â€Å"Proclamation of 1763† 1 On July 4, 1776 America declared her independence from Britian. This was only the beginning of seven long years of war, costing many lives and leaving the country’s economy in a shambles. However, it was truly the beginning of America as a continental, independent nation. Finally with peace and the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britian ceded to the United States all the lands to the Mississippi River. Now the war was over and by 1789 our Constitution was ratified. The government, under the leadership of President Washington, came into its own. The country was now poised on the threshold of growth, prosperity and expansion. With Thomas Jefferson, our second president the United States through him had a vision of a power that would stretch to the Pacific coast, in an â€Å"Empire of Liberty†.2 The Louisiana Purchase was a â€Å"direct result† of Jefferson’s true vision of an America that would go from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. Even before Jefferson purchased the Louisianna territory, thousands of land hungry Americans had already migrated to the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. This mass migration displaced many Indian tribes. Jefferson knew that whoever controlled the port of New Orleans, owned the Mississippi River and had the power to open or close the port to commerce at will, as he phrased it â€Å" a hand on the throat of the American economy†.3 He knew the Mississipi would draw the country together. The Louisiana Territory brought 828,000 sq. miles for 15 million dollars (about 3 cents an acre) to the United States. Jefferson’s dream of an â€Å"Empire for Liberty† had come to pass. The nation had been more than doubled in size. President Jefferson commissioned Lewis and Clark to explore this vast new territory. From 1804-1805, Lewis and Clark journeyed with the Corps of Discovery to map out the newly purchased territory. Lewis and Clark with 33 individuals began their journey from St. Louis up the Missouri River through the â€Å"Stoney Mountains† now the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean. With this exploration came the realization that there was no easy all water route to the Pacific. That dream which had persisted for centuries had died. However, it would do little to stop the westward expansion. The American west was opened. Americans began moving into the Louisana Purchase lands at a much faster pace and in such large numbers that no one could have predicted this mass influx of people. The Louisiana Purchase began a shift toward the west away from the eastern seaboard. The next decades saw Americans rush in to settle this new land in the west. Manifest Destiny continued with the United States possession of Florida from Spain in 1819. In return for Florida, the United States renounced its claim to Texas, but not for long. Within two years Moses Austin brought 300 families in to settle Texas and the American continent began its march westward. This large migration of people started three major conflicts. First the Indian tribes of the trans-Mississippi, second problems with Mexico over emigration into the province of Texas and third with the admission of slavery into the Louisiana Territiory. The Indian conflicts caused border wars with a myriad of Indian tirbes that lasted into the 1890’s. The second led to the Texas uprising in 1835 which culminated with the Mexican War in 1845 and the annexation of Texas along with all of the Southwest, including California by the United States. Finally the third which was temporarily solved by the Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise). The â€Å"Great Compromise† brought about by Henry Clay the â€Å"Great Compromiser†. This compromise was supposed to solve the questrion of where slavery could expand. This satisfied both sides for the time being. 4 With the election of President Polk in 1845, there was a renewal of â€Å"Jacksonian expansionism† 5 Polk was aggressive in instituting America’s claims to territory along its southern border with Mexico, as well as along the Canadian border with Great Britian. The dispute with Great Britian was resolved peacefully and diplomatically, while the argument with Mexico resulted in armed border clashes. This gave Polk reason to declare war with Mexico. The American Army consisting of regulars and volunteers was finally victorious. United States battle deaths in the Mexican war was not heavy by modern standards, about 2% killed in combat with the greatest taken by diseases, about 14%, totaling 16% casualties. Under the command of Zachery Taylor and Winfield Scott, forays into Mexico ensued with the capture of Mexico City. This forced Mexico to sue for peace. In the Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo Mexico ceded all of what is America’s southwest from the Rio Grande River westward to the Pacific to America. This was America’s first war waged primarily as an aggresive war. Mexico was forced to give up California, Arizona, and New Mexico and recognize the RioGrande as the United States southern border. The United States also paid Mexico 15 million dollars for all this land. While this gained some 850,000 square miles for the United States, it also gained the United States a legacy of distrust of â€Å"los yanquis† 6 Also during the time of Polk’s presidency, there were approximately 3,000-4,000 Americans living in the Oregon country who wanted union with the United States. Americans in the Oregon country were also filtering into the interior valleys of California by the mid 1840’s. Polk avoided conflict with England over the Oregon Canadian border by accepting the 49 parallel as the boundry of the United States. He ignored some American cries for the United States to push north to â€Å"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight†. 7 With the peaceful settlement of the Oregon border, the overland trails, the most important being the â€Å"Oregon Trail†8 took on a new importance. Much to the calamity of the Indians. These trails carried thousands of Americans into Indian country, displacing the Indian tribes as had been done all across the nation. So this term â€Å"Manifest Destiny† first coined by John O’Sullivan an American newspaper editor in 1845 came to pass. This term described the westward expansion from the fledgling 13 colonies hugging America’s Atlantic coast to her expansion clear to the Pacific Ocean. Through purchase, war, annexation, removal of native peoples and just true grit of an American people deterrminded to use the full potential of a people and country rich in land, resources and pure ambition. The true surprise was that such an seemingly never ending amount of land would have taken a very long time to conquer. It had taken approximately 200 years to reach the Mississippi, but in a mere 40 years, America now had reached the Pacific Ocean. While America can be looked on as an aggresser in its push against whatever, and whoever stood in her way toward the dream of Manifest Destiny, it can also be looked on in a more positive light. Manifest Destiny was a fulfillment of a dream of ordinary Americans, farmers, missionaries, soldiers, simple pioneers (men, women and children) pushing themselves, their faith, and their beliefs ackross the continental United States. In looking back this expansion seems to be a very adventurous and romantic time. However, it was a massive undertaking, and certainly not easily won. For the ultimate prize of a continental United States many paid the highest price, they paid with their blood. Endnotes 1. R. A. Guisepi, Manifest Destiny, 2004, http://history-world.org/westward_movement.htm (4 April 2008) 2. Amborse, Stephen E. Brinkley, Douglas G. The Mississsippi and The Making of A Natiion From The Louisiana Purchase to Today, Page 11 3. Amborse, Stephen E. Brinkley, Douglas G. The Mississsippi and The Making of A Natiion From The Louisiana Purchase to Today, Page 12 4. The Great Courses, Taught by Professor Allan C. Guelzo Eastern University; Professor Gary W. Gallagher, University of Virginia; Professor Patrick N. Allitt, Emory University, The History Of The United States 2nd Edition, Course Guide Book., Page 111 5. The Great Courses, Taught by Professor Allan C. Guelzo Eastern University; Professor Gary W. Gallagher, University of Virginia; Professor Patrick N. Allitt, Emory University, The History Of The United States 2nd Edition, Course Guide Book., Page 115 6. Manaifest Destiny and Expansion in the Americas, , (4 April 2008) 7. PBS, US Mexican war Prelude to War, (4 April 2008) 8. R. A. Guisepi, Manifest Destiny, 2004, (4 April 2008) Bibliography Amborse, Stephen E. Brinkley, Douglas G. The Mississsippi and The Making of A Natiion From The Louisiana Purchase to Today. National Geographic Society, 1145 17th St. N.W., Washington D.C. 200036-46888 Copyright 2002 Bennet, William J. America The Last Best Hope Volume I From the Age Of Discovery To A World War. Nelson Current Copyright 2006 ISBN I-59555-055-0 The Great Courses, The History Of The United States 2nd Edition, Course Guide Book. Taught by Professor Allan C. Guelzo Eastern University; Professor Gary W. Gallagher, University of Virginia; Professor Patrick N. Allitt, Emory University Copyright The Teaching Company 2003 R. A. Guisepi, Manifest Destiny, History World International, 2004, (4 April 2008) Manifest Destiny and Expansion in the Americas, January 2006, (4 April 2008) Our American History Textbook, Manifest Destiny Period 1820 – 1860, 4 April 2008,(4 April 2008) PBS, US Mexican war Prelude to War,1995-2006 (4 April 2008) Research Papers on Manifest DestinyQuebec and CanadaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Canaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceWhere Wild and West MeetPETSTEL analysis of India

How Important Is Vocabulary for the New SAT

How Important Is Vocabulary for the New SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying hundreds of fancy words from big lists has long been a mainstay of SAT prep. But with the redesigned SAT focusing on medium-level words in the context of passages, do you still need to drill yourself on little-used vocab words? Before you expend superfluous energy to bolster your cognizance of recondite terminology (or waste time learning lots of obscure words), read this guide to learn whatvocabulary you need for the new SAT. First, what changes are being made to the SAT in terms of vocabulary? Changes in the New 2016 SAT The first and most apparent change in the redesigned SAT is the elimination of sentence completion questions. Gone are the stand-alone sentences with one or two blanks asking you to "choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole." Instead, the new vocabulary questions are passage-based. They refer to a line within a passage and ask what a word or idiom meansin context.This is a big difference from sentence completion-style questions, so what does this change mean in terms of the skills being tested? With sentence completions, you pretty much had to know the straight definition of complex wordsin order to answer them correctly. The sentence indicated a definition, so you either had to know which word it was referring to or be able to eliminate the other four answer choices. You couldn't rely on too many context clues to figure it out. This is where your studying of SAT Word of the Day and vocabulary lists would kick in and help you fill in the blanks. With the new passage-based questions, you're asked to interpret the meaning of a medium-level word in context. The word may be familiar to you, but it can have different meanings or connotations depending on how it's used. On these types of questions, all of the answers may be correct as definitions of the term being considered. Only one answer choice, though, will be correct for the term as it's being used in that particular context. As you can tell, this is a big departure from sentence completions. It calls upon different skills and a different approach to studying vocabulary. Before discussing how you can adjust your test prep, let's look at a couple examples that illustrate these changes. Does all this change make cents? Old SAT Vocabulary Questions The old SAT had 19 sentence completion questions which tested traditional SAT vocabulary terms. The following is a typical example. There is no doubt that Larry is a genuine -: he excels at telling stories that fascinate his listeners. (A) braggart(B) dilettante(C)pilferer(D) prevaricator(E) raconteur This sentence indicates the definition of the vocabulary word: a person who excels at telling fascinating stories. You either have to know that "raconteur" means just that, or you have to know thatthe other choices don't fit that definition and use process of elimination to get to (E). If you don't know these words and their definitions, you're left having to make a wild guess. The new SAT, on the other hand, usually doesn't feature such difficult words. Let's take a look. Redesigned SAT Vocabulary Questions The new SAT asks about words as they occur within the context of the passage. You probably don't use "prevaricator" and "raconteur" all that often in daily conversation. The words on the new SAT are meant to have broader utility in college and professional life. According to College Board, the new SAT emphasizes "the meaning of words in extended contexts and on how word choice shapes meaning, tone, and impact." They give the following example (this is an excerpt from a longer passage): "...The coming decades will likely see more intense clustering of jobs, innovation, and productivity in a smaller number of bigger cities and city-regions. Some regions could end up bloated beyond the capacity of their infrastructure, while others struggle, their promise stymied by inadequate human or other resources." As used in line 55, "intense" most nearly means... (A) emotional(B) concentrated(C) brilliant(D) determined Based on this example, you can immediately see the difference in the vocabulary's level of difficulty. You can also see how all of those answer choices could be correct interpretations of "intense"- depending on its context, it could mean emotional, concentrated, brilliant, or determined. Only (B) concentrated, however, works within this passage, as intense is being used to describe the "clustering of jobs...in a smaller number of bigger cities and city-regions." Rather than calling upon your knowledge of a word's definition, this question asks you to glean meaning and connotation from the context of a passage. Did you notice any other differences in this question? It only has four answer choices, instead of five. These improved odds, plus the fact that the new SAT has no penalty for wrong answers, means you should always make your most informed guess on all the questions. Some other medium-level difficulty words that might be tested on the new SAT include "alleviate, consistent, synthesis, empirical, coincide, congenial, indelible, discord, occur, mention, emerge, admit, perform, fortunate, require, and maintain." Even if you think you know all these words, is there a way you can study them to be better prepared for SAT vocab questions? What Do These Changes Mean for Your Studying? Given these changes, do you still need to study vocabulary for the new SAT in 2016? I would still highly recommend studying vocabulary, but in a different way. You can forget about those lists of "2,000 SAT vocabulary words" (phew!) and focus on "multiple-meaning" words of medium-level difficulty. The key thing to remember is that these words might have different meanings in different contexts, so you want to ensure that you understand each word in all of its dimensions and applications. You can do this by finding a word used in several example sentences, rather than just one, as well as noting how vocabulary words are used when you readbooks, articles, and the news. The New York Times Word of the Day Learning Blog has a useful tool that lets you find all the articles in which a term shows up. While many of the words they feature apply better to the old SAT, you can use that idea of finding terms in many different sources to enhance your understanding of it. There are also several other sites that are helpful for studying these words in various contexts, like Quizlet and ProfessorWord. Plus, incorporating them into your own writing is the best way to fully grasp how their meaning is affected by word choice and usage. Since these changes closely resemble the ACT, you can also check PrepScholar's list of the 150 most commonly tested ACT words. College Board and Khan Academy have sample practice questions for the new SAT. Finally, when using older practice materials, I would recommend focusing on the passage-based questions, especially the ones that point to a specific word or phrase. Generally speaking, you can forget about the sentence completions. Overall, what are the most important takeaways from the changes that were made to the SAT? The Gist of Vocabulary Changes The following are the most important points to remember about vocabulary questions on the new SAT: Sentence completions are gone. New questions focus on moderate-level words that may have different meanings in different contexts, like "intense." To prepare, you should focus on learning how words are used in different contexts, along with how you can gather context clues to determine the meaning of a word. Check out sample questions for the new SAT and make sure you understand the changes that are being made. This will help you adjust your studying and not waste time focusing on material that's no longer relevant. Plus, studying vocabulary based on context will help you improve your overall writing, reading, and communication skills, which will be extremely helpful for high school, college, and beyond. What's Next? Besides vocabulary questions, what else is changed on the new SAT? Read about all the changes and what it means for your test prep in our full guide to the redesigned SAT in 2016. In addition to learning about the changes, figure out what these changes mean for your studying. Read all about how to study for the new SAT here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Elementary education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Elementary education - Essay Example The two journals I analyze in this Paper are the American Education History Journal, Volume 31, and the Journal of Research in Character Education, Volume 6. The American Education History Journal, volume 31, was first published in 2004. One of its outspoken positive qualities is that it has several topics which can be viewed in its preview at no cost through the internet. Another positive quality is that it covers a wide range of topic related to elementary education most of which contain comprehensive information about research undertaken in this field (Watras 1). Moreover, its research surveys are not biased to any country thus making it a worldwide journal. However, the journal also has some negative qualities. One of its negative qualities is the inaccessibility of the full view of the journal only that makes the information available from this journal to be limited. Our other journal, the Journal of Research in Character Education, Volume 6, was published in 2008. It has severa l positive qualities, one of them being having the most recent information on current research on elementary education. Moreover, it has very few pages and short topics that are easy to read and comprehend. In addition, its content is not biased to any country and thus scholars regardless of their countries can use it. Furthermore, I can use its information, it contains most current information which is easy to relate with current situations of elementary education profession. However, this journal has very few pages in its preview.