Founding Fathers of Psychology - 1587 Words

Un-Official Founding Fathers of Psychology Sarah Psy/310 2/13/2012 Un-Official Founding Fathers of Psychology These four men that we are about to talk about are some of the, if not the most important people in psychology. One developed psychology as a school of thought and published the first book on the subject which opened the door for another to develop his theories. Years after the book came out another thinker was inspired to look into the human mind and this time with a more scientifically critical mind and approach, there was a common reason people had problem, he just was not positive what. This lead two of his students to move on and one focus on the individual versus what the majority has a problem with and made sure that†¦show more content†¦This helps improve the one so that eventually that one will go out into society and become responsible for themselves and each other as good members of it. Adler continued to believe that Freud had made a point by looking back at ones childhood for answers but rather than focusing on the sexu al root to the problem, he focused on the feelings that came out of a situation (Lafountain, 2009). For example, if one grew up afraid to take charge of situations because someone else always did it for them, they could have trouble later in life trying to be in charge of themselves or other people. After studying with Freud he went on to focus on how society affects an individual and how that individual functions in society. He believed there were three things a person needed to accomplish in life to be a healthy socially minded person. First is the task of finding how to survive, a job, maintaining ones house, the responsible things. Second is cooperating and being civil as well as respectful to society. Third are intimate relationships, having children, friends, a spouse. All three of these were crucial to being a normally functioning person in society (Lafountain, 2010). Basically a person is unique in nearly all aspects of their life and that needs to be taken into account in e ach and every case from psychology to teaching because not everyone is going to fit together well. Carl Jung, as with Adler was inspired and influenced by Freud in the earlyShow MoreRelatedThe Founding Father of Clinical Psychology Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesThe era of discovery in psychology was a fast-paced and debatable one as some of the unlikeliest individuals entered into the realm of the new science. Some by accident because of their close work with other fields of science and others with the direct intent to create a new school of thought. During its inception and much of its history, deliberation over how psychology should be defined and what it should encompass filled most of the scholarly printings and closed-door discussions. 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Carmen Free Essays

Movement, space and dynamics are used in Mat Ek’s work Carmen to portray the various characters throughout the piece and to determine their relationships therefore gaining a greater understanding of the characters and the narrative. Micaela (M) is a respectable and adequate woman who is loyal to her fiance but is always leading him and influencing his behavior in life. The first movement we see from M is at a low height with collapsing, repeated contractions which give us an initial idea of her silent presence amongst her fiance Don Jose while he is conversing with the other solider portraying the idea of her intimidation of other men. We will write a custom essay sample on Carmen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her movements are curved in shape though still very forceful, sharp and have a punch like force about them which gives the idea she is conscience of Jose, giving his directions and guidelines of how the behave. She then progresses into a lot of sustaining movements, which she continuously motions upward, giving the impression and the resemblance of appreciation of life and her faithfulness toward Don Jose. Symbolism of a wish to have a child occurs at 0. 33 through the use of curved â€Å"cradle-like† motions which shows the couples desire to settle down and be a family. There is also a repetitive floor pattern as M often travels away from Don Jose but then travels directly back towards his representing her dedication and loyalty as she always returns to her fiance and also the idea of her constant presence. M’s dynamics then take a sudden change as she is not longer performing contracted, closed movements in a repetitive nature which portrayed her ideal feministic nature of being loyal and she now has a less controlled nature about her performing asymmetrical kicks and contrasting shapes as she seems to let loose the further she ventures away from Jose which symbolizes her soul connection to him as she always returns back. The duet performed by M and Don Jose see’s M return to her original circular, curved shape movements and we see Jose’s unison with her, always a step behind which gives a sense she is showing him the way. Both of their movements are free yet heavy and they have a curved shape about them implying the hidden control and tension between them but also the trance they set each other in as the appear slightly â€Å"playful† and always drawn upwards with high levels and strong gestures such as lifting M up at 1:39 and high suspension movements at 1:09 to the sky symbolizing the feeling of being content and happy. Jose’s continuous following of M and his placement in space of always being slightly behind M symbolizes his shyness and the controlling nature his fiance possesses over him. At 1:44 we see M and Jose linking arms with M pointing to the direction she wishes to head while Jose looks at her in admiration and awaiting her next gesture again portraying the idea of her leading and controlling power she has over him and his obedience to this power. As the group of female dancers come in we see a dramatic change in the dynamics and movements of the dance as in comparison to M, these dancers have a much more open body position about them with much greater use of the entire kinosphere of each individual. The use of multiple kicks and turns which take up a large amount of space around the dancer display their confidence and high self esteem. At 2:45 the girls perform a controlled turn as they have a strong posture and arm position with head titled towards the sky to convey a strong, open shape which further portrays the idea of the confidence and â€Å"teasing† nature they possess in the males presence. As the males and female perform a direct swap in sides we see the males perform loose, uncontrolled arm movements which shows the uncontrollable urge they have to go and â€Å"dance† with the girls and how crazy they females make them along with the back and forth floor pattern the girls create as they swap sides and they lead the boys in and then head back the other direction which also conveys the teasing nature of the females. At 3:12 the males perform a percussive movement as the floor pattern leads them towards the females which emphasizes their excitement, yet the fact they are giving into the females which comments on the power the women posses over the men. The floor pattern shows the males always behind and following in the females paths, almost repeating similar movements that the females do which further emphasizes the idea of the females controlling the males actions and the males chasing them. This idea is also finally show at 3:29 when the females run over the backs of the males showing their dominance and power over them. Escamillo, the confident and desired new man in town conveys the idea of his confidence and power over everyone in his dramatic entry at 3:39 as the first movement we see of him is a open, strong and angular jump travelling to stage front. This jump automatically gives us the idea of his superiority over everyone else. His movements are sharp and angular which the choreographer to convey his confident, powerful ersonality and his intriguing use of controlled and dramatic dynamics of movements. The final section performed by the girls shows a soften, less controlling side of them which is communicated by their use of curved, soft movements and powerless dynamics and motions and shows the idea of their admiration and lust toward Escamillo. In conclusion, the use of various dynamics, movement and space is used in the extract to portray the characters, thei r emotions and determine relationships and further enhance and gain a better understanding of the characters to overall convey the narrative. How to cite Carmen, Papers

Online music distribution in post-Napster World free essay sample

How do they affect traditional companies? Anapest Introduced a revolutionary change to the way music was distributed conventionally. Music companies worked with the artists to produce music. Thereafter they invested heavily into burning the music Cads, marketing and advertising of the music and managing the distribution of the music to end customers Vela retailers. Retailers Incurred staffing and real estate and costs.In contrast to this, Anapest was able to bring together over 60 Million users who would hare their collection of music to the remainder of the user base. In doing so, the reach and range of music distribution was significantly raised. Strong Community Feeling, word of mouth effect and High customer awareness led to low cost of marketing for Anapest. Technological improvements in improved broadband speed, internet penetration, and advent of newer portable devices further Incentives the users to use music sharing In comparison to buying the same music from retail stores. For the first time, music was practically available on demand to customer: as, when and where squired for free. The online channel also introduced a possibility of attracting advertisement and other complimentary business models that would earn back revenue In comparison to a CD distribution model where there was no scope to make additional revenue by any other means. Having said that, this was a model that was very easy to replicate and numerous new players emerged online providing similar services to customers.The model also infringed on the licensing agreements of music distribution as recording companies contested that music sharing accounted to music piracy. As customers came to expect music to be available for free, the online sharing portals were increasingly hard pressed to make viable revenue generating model. This had far reaching detrimental impact on the traditional companies engaged in the music production and distribution business. For a start their earning from sale of music dwindled as Increasingly people relied on sharing music rather than buying them from stores.Stores were also constrained by the available shelf space to hold and display music Cads, whereas an online catalogue was practically infinite in size and exhaustive in content. Thus, with the success of Anapest and other similar websites, It was clear that the value of music distribution has significantly moved to pay much for music and were demanding music that could be played back in different mediums as PCs, CD players, MPH players etc. The music recording OFF not be stopped as users simply move on to the other networks.Since Anapest pioneered the music sharing phenomenon, the number of major music recording companies has come down from 6 to 3. Major recording companies had to align their music distribution strategies to reflect the new values and expectations of the user base. Few of these strategies are discussed in the subsequent sections. Nat is the future of album companies? Is there a viable business model for them? There is a huge gap between the model offered by the album companies and the customer needs.Customers want access to the rare music; they want to be able to use it freely, get additional services and not be unreasonably charged for the same. Ere gap is being exploited by the new business models and peer to peer file sharing. Ere two main value propositions of the record companies were to be able to provide recording infrastructure to artists and to be able to provide access to the music racket. However, both these value propositions were not sustainable and will continue to erode over time because of increased digitization, internet bandwidth and decreasing cost of recording music.The stand is vindicated by the sales data of the record companies. As we can see the revenues of the music industry has steadily fallen during the 2001-2010 period. The US revenues declined by 50% over the last decade. For the music companies to be more relevant, they will need to address the customer needs for unrestricted access, broad choice and additional services at a competitive price. As such, the album companies will have to move into newer business models to address the prevalent gap or perish.One viable business model for the album companies could be to look at newer revenue generation models around advertising to reduce pricing pressure on selling music, provide mass customization, partner to increase music availability and incentives buying music by bundling in additional services leveraging. We would propose that the record companies continue to operate in the entire value chain from recording to digital distribution in the new model. However, new skills will be squired for the same which can be obtained through acquisitions or partnerships.For the production of music we propose a risk based crowd sourcing model in which the album companies partner with the public, to raise funding for riskier songs, thus significantly reducing the revenue risk by the record company. For songs below the risk threshold, the companies can continue to fund the artist by themse lves. In a social networked model where the marketer has a huge base of music fans, this will Incentive newer artists to come to the record companies given their huge network f music lovers. En propose an intermediary, which holds the repository of digital music pooled from such an intermediary ii they can invest in such an intermediary. This intermediary will consolidate the available base of music and sell it. This would help to create a huge repository of music which the music fans can rely on. The consumers will have an option to directly stream the music from the intermediary site or download the music. We think that with the increase in broad band speed, consumers can access streaming music without any buffering.This is applicable mainly to developed entries now but gradually the broadband speed in developing will also a reach a level at which they can also use direct streaming services. The basic service can be free to the consumers and revenue can be generated from advertising. The intermediary will also have to provide a premium monthly subscription based service in which it provides value added services like social networking platform for music fans. Fans of particular artists should be able to form groups and discuss.There would be mass customization with customers free to choose different bundles of songs based on their preferences. Additional services like meet the artist when he is on a tour, tickets to concerts, souvenirs memorabilia related to the artist etc. Would have to be bundled with the songs. Record companies will be able to use their contracts and relationship with the artist for materializing the same and this would give room to each for developing their own competitive advantage. Advertising will have to be used extensively around the digital platform as an alternative revenue model. Record companies will again be able to differentiate themselves through their abilities to build effective partnerships to get relevant advertising. Such a model would address many of the pitfalls of the current model and be more relevant by fulfilling customer needs of a getting broad choice, unrestrictive usage and value added services when they buy music. However, the record companies will have to take on the digital marketing avatar for the same. Suggest an appropriate pricing strategy for the album companies in the context of recent developments.We propose a royalty based revenue sharing model between the album companies. The record company will get a share of royalties for the amount they have invested in the production of the song. The dissemination of the royalties would be the accessibility of the distributor. The distribution prices will be decided by the album companies. The price realized per song will be distributed to the intermediary, artist, album companies and public (if crowd funded) based on the royalty share of each. The distribution companies will be able to do a differential pricing for the songs.A pay per download, pricing model may be used. The users would be free to use and distribute the music in any which way without restriction. In a digital social networking context the fans could be used to promote the songs and earn redeemable points against which they would get price discounts. The advertising acceptable levels for the consumer and put him in control of the price as well. A multi-level marketing concept may also be applied wherein the fan could use to resell the music at a price he deems fit and pay a commission to the distributor for the same.The additional artist centered services and option to resell would create an added incentive to purchase music as opposed to download it from a peer to peer file sharing network. Geographical price discrimination will be an important factor in ensuring that the price arbitrage can be neutralized thus discouraging piracy. Price n each country has to be customized and made attractive to the target customers. In summary, we can conclude the business of music distribution is constantly evolving and the ease of sharing music has made the old business models obsolete.Few of the major recording labels have gone out of business and the others had to adapt to the change that the denationalization of music has entailed. With an ever increasingly internet enabled and connected world, music is now pre-packaged and bundled along with other applications for mobile devices. Through some innovative means the recording companies have continued to stay relevant in this challenging segment, albeit with significantly less profits compared to the pre Anapest days.